Forgery

Drake Group-Forensic Document Examiner
Rosemarie A. Urbanski, MFS Court qualified expert in local, state and federal courts in the forensic examination of questioned documents for forgery, alterations, and obliterations.
www.drakeinvestigations.com

Forensic Handwriting Expert - Forgery
Improve Your Chances to Win, or Settle Out of Court.
documentexaminerexpert.com

Forensic Document Examination Services
FDES experts detect fraudulent documents & provide expert testimony.
www.fdeservices.com

Top Criminal Defense Legal Help
Free online case evaluation & consultation for all charges.
www.Criminal-Defense.us

Ask a Lawyer Online Now
14 Lawyers Are Online! Ask a Question, Get an Answer ASAP.
Criminal-Law.JustAnswer.com

Richard Fraser, MD
Forensic handwriting examiner forgery, wills, signature fraud, med-mal.
www.richardfrasermd.com

Forgeries at Amazon
Buy books at Amazon.com and save. Qualified orders over $25 ship free.
Amazon.com/books

Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: Permission denied in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12

Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12

Warning: fopen(/home/templatecore2cache//*cluesnet.com/de/de59b90c67a8b5acf7a15ce8e52550d7bcd73f29.tc2cache) [function.fopen]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 130

Warning: fwrite(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 131

Warning: fclose(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 132

Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intent to deception. The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful mis-attributions.

In the 16th century imitators of Albrecht Dürer's style of printmaking improved the market for their own prints by signing them "AD", making them forgeries.

In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings meant to be by Picasso, Paul Klee, and Matisse.

This usage of 'forgery' does not derive from metalwork done at a 'forge', but it has a parallel history. A sense of "to counterfeit" is already in the Anglo-French verb forger "falsify."

Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. Forgery is one of the threats that have to be addressed by security engineering.

A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself— what it is worth or what it "proves"— than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax. In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object "planted" in a concocted situation, may substitute for a forged physical object.

Forgery as a subject in film The Orson Welles documentary F for Fake concerns both art and literary forgery. For the movie Welles intercut footage of Elmyr de Hory, an art forger, and Clifford Irving, who wrote an "authorized" autobiography of Howard Hughes that had been revealed to be a hoax. While forgery is the ostensible subject of the film, it also concerns art, film making, storytelling and the creative process.

In the Steven Spielberg 2002 in film Film Catch Me If You Can which is based of the real story of Frank Abagnale, a con man who stole over $2.5 million through forgery, imposture and other frauds is dramatized. His career in crime lasted six years from 1963 to 1969.

Documentary art Before the invention of cameras, people commonly hired painters and engravers to "re-create" an event or a scene. Artists had to imagine what to illustrate based on the information available to them about the subject. Some artists added elements to make the scene more exotic, while others removed elements out of modesty. In the 18th century, for example, Europeans were curious about what North America looked like and were ready to pay to see illustrations depicting this faraway place. Some of these artists produced prints depicting North America, despite many having never left Europe.

Topics in forgery

Archaeological forgery

Discoveries of Shinichi Fujimura
James Ossuary
Piltdown Man
Moses Shapira
Tiara of Saitapharne, Louvre
Shepton Mallet, Chi-Rho amulet
The Lady of Elx saw a controversy circa 1995 regarding its authenticity. Recently (2005), the Spanish National Research Council concluded in a research that the pigmentation was, in fact, from ancient times.
See also Kensington Runestone controversy
Drake's Plate of Brass {Joke Hoax}
Sinaia lead plates

Art forgery

Tom Keating
Eric Hebborn
Elmyr de Hory
Albrecht Dürer imitators
Camille Corot's imitators
Han van Meegeren's Johannes Vermeers
Michelangelo's Cupid
Etruscan terracotta warriors, Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Rospigliosi Cup or The 'Cellini Cup'
Samson Ceramics forgeries/reproductions
Black Admiral
Furniture faking

Literary forgery - these literary forgeries all had some effect on the course of cultural history. Other literary forgeries, such as the Hitler diaries, briefly achieve wide notoriety, without affecting subsequent history; they are brought together as literary hoaxes.

Epistle to the Laodiceans
Theology of Aristotle
Ademar of Chabannes' forged Life of St. Martial
Thomas Chatterton's pseudo-medieval poetry
Ossianic poems
The Book of the Zohar, a primary text of medieval Kabbalah, was written by a 16th century Spanish Rabbi but attributed to Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai, an ancient sage of the Second Temple period. It was widely accepted as genuine until the advent of modern scholarship.
The Salamander Letter, which offered an alternative account of Joseph Smith, Jr.'s finding of the Book of Mormon, written by master forger Mark Hofmann.
Jack the Ripper's Diary
Clifford Irving's Howard Hughes Clifford Irving#Hughes.27 autobiography

False documents

Yellowcake Forgery
James Maybrick
Donation of Constantine
Vinland map
Dossiers Secrets, the document forgeries planted in the Bibliothèque nationale de France that were developed into Holy Blood, Holy Grail etc.
Identity document forgery

Musical Forgery (Music allegedly written by composers of past eras, but actually composed later by someone else)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Adelaide Concerto (by Marius Casadesus)
Georg Frideric Handel, Viola Concerto (by Henri Casadesus)
Johann Christian Bach, Cello Concerto (by Henri Casadesus)
Valentin Strobel, Concerto (by François-Joseph Fétis)
Works for lute by Sautscheck (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
Works for lute by Ioannes Leopolita (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
Works for baroque guitar by Antonio da Costa (by Paulo Galvao)
"Kanzona" for lute by Francesco Da Milano (by Vladimir Vavilov)
A.Sychra, Elegy for guitar (by Vladimir Vavilov)
Fritz Kreisler's works for violin attributed to other composers
Joseph Haydn, 6 Keyboard Sonatas (by Winfried Michel)

Relic forgery - It is not the efficacy of a relic that is in question, but only its provenance.

cf True Cross
cf Shroud of Turin

Biblical archaeology - Ancient artifacts

Moses Shapira

Political forgery - false documents used for purposes of black propaganda.

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Zinoviev Letter
Tanaka Memorial
Ems Dispatch (actually more of a document altered by Otto von Bismarck in order to incite a war response from France against Germany)
Killian documents (Memos critical of the United States National Guard service of President George W. Bush, now widely considered to be forgeries. See also Killian documents authenticity issues.)

References

Robert Cohon, Discovery & Deceit: archaeology & the forger's craft Kansas: Nelson-Atkins Museum, 1996
Oscar Muscarella, The Lie Became Great: the forgery of Ancient Near Eastern cultures, 2000
"Imaginary Images" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery at Library and Archives Canada